Yaya a iya kawo Solar PV, Batiri na Ajiye & Mabukunin Tafarki na Kudada a cikin Microgrid

Mikrogrid ya kafa a matsayin sharihi da suka fiye waɗannan kayan aiki—kayan aiki na PV da kayan aiki na bateri—amma kayan aiki da suka nuna cewa waɗannan kayan aiki suna yi amfani da su tare ba su daga wani ƙananan wuri: tRANSFORMER . A matsayin grid-tied, yana aiki ne kamar kanal na kwamfuta. A matsayin islanded, yana zama babban wuri na mara gaba da tsarin kwamfuta da tsarin firkon. Don haka, kara sani cewa yadda kayan aiki na PV–PCS–transformer–load su dace ba ta hanyar sauyin kayan aiki; amma ta hanyar sauyin kayan aiki da ke nuna cewa mikrogrid ya dace, ya dace da kwamfuta, da ya dace da lokaci.

Tsarin Kwamfuta: PV, PCS, Transformer, Load

Kadanin AC-coupled microgrid ya zama ƙarƙashin da kammalawa. Kadanin PV suka bayyana DC zuwa ga sistem na kawo amfani (PCS), wanda ke kara inverter, kuma a cikin haɗa da kadanin kudin da aka saita (medium-voltage) kuma kadanin kudin da aka saita (step-up transformer). Bayanin PCS ya kara kudin da aka saita (stepped up) zuwa ga kadanin kudin da aka saita (medium voltage), ya kara kadanin kudin da aka saita (collected), kuma ya kara kudin da aka saita (stepped down) a kadanin kudin da aka saita (load side) ta hanyar kadanin kudin da aka saita (distribution transformers). Kadanin batiri (Battery storage) ta kara kadanin kudin da aka saita (bidirectional PCS) zuwa ga kadanin kudin da aka saita (AC bus) ta hanyar da suka dace, don kara kadanin kudin da aka saita (charge) kuma kadanin kudin da aka saita (discharge) zuwa a cikin kadanin kudin da aka saita (either direction).

Tushen kadanin kudin da aka saita (transformer) ya faru da farko a cikin kadanin kudin da aka saita (location). Matsayin kuma na yadda ake saita kwambo a kadanin kudin da aka saita (generation side) suka faru da kadanin kudin da aka saita (energy-producing applications), suka kara kudin da aka saita (inverter-level voltages) (480–600 V) zuwa ga 10 kV, 34.5 kV, ko kadanin kudin da aka saita (higher) don karan kadanin kudin da aka saita (collection) kuma kadanin kudin da aka saita (transmission). Transformers na gina a kadanin kudin da aka saita (load side) suka faru da kadanin kudin da aka saita (reverse function), suka kara kadanin kudin da aka saita (medium voltage) zuwa ga kadanin kudin da aka saita (utilization levels). A cikin kadanin kudin da aka saita (microgrid), kadanin kudin da aka saita (both functions) suka faru da kadanin kudin da aka saita (coexist), kuma kadanin kudin da aka saita (often the same transformer) ya kamata suka kara kadanin kudin da aka saita (power flow) a cikin kadanin kudin da aka saita (*both*) kadanin kudin da aka saita (directions) tare da kadanin kudin da aka saita (whether PV is exporting) ko kadanin batiri (battery) ta kara kadanin kudin da aka saita (charging).

Girman mai canzawa zuwa fitarwa na Inverter

Ba za a bi da ƙarfin mai canzawa kamar kwafin 1: 1 na alamar sunan inverter ba. A cikin masana'antu, ana amfani da ma'aunin girman girman kusan 1.10 zuwa 1.25 a kan inverters AC rated fitarwa, daidaita ga yanayi zafin jiki da kuma tsawo. Halin yana da sauƙi: masu canzawa na iya ɗaukar nauyin lokaci kaɗan, yanayin haɗuwa yana ƙara nauyin dumama, kuma mai canzawa dole ne ya ɗauki ƙarfin aiki a cikin yanayin tsibiri ba tare da ƙoshin lafiya ba.

A lokaci guda, ƙididdigar kVA na mai canzawa dole ne daidai ko mafi girma daga jimlar ƙimar fitarwa na duk masu canzawa da aka haɗa da shibuƙatar asali don daidaitaccen kariya da daidaita ƙarfin lantarki. Don rukunin 1 MW PV, mai canzawa mai girma na 1250 kVA shine dacewa na yau da kullun; rage girman don adana farashi sau da yawa yana haifar da ƙarancin zafi daidai lokacin da PV da fitar da baturi suka dace.

Ƙararrawa, Ƙararrawa da Ƙararrawa

Inverters na PV da units na PCS na bateri suna daga cikin masu kudada mai ƙarfi. Idan mahaulluka suka shiga a cikin transformer daya, harminik current suka taka kuma suka zama sabon loss wanda yana iya gudunmawa a cikin windings da cores. Alal misali, amintattun ya zama kudin ta fuskantar : idan kudada na PV ya taka, transformer zai iya ci gaba daya ga grid ko point na common coupling da sauran wattu, wanda ba a sanya transformer na distribution mai amfani da wannan halin.

A cikin amfanin da modeling, an nuna alal misali na thermal. A cikin full-load reverse power flow ta hanyar harmonic distortion, lifetime na transformer zai iya rarraba da roughly 8.3%, kuma hotspots zai iya canza lokacin da zai iya rarraba insulation aging. A cikin microgrids wanda suka canza kafin import da export, cyclic duty yana fi mahimmanci da average loading: thermal aging zai iya rarraba a cikin peak temperature da cycle count, ba a cikin smooth daily average.

Matsayin transformer da aka bayani su don aiki na microgrid suna bukata kuma kuma da design na K-factor ko harmonic-tolerant, kuma da system na kula ga yadda za su kula da ƙarfi, kuma da insulation system da aka ƙara shi don yadda za su yi thermal cycling many times — ba kuma transformer na distribution mai amfani wajibi kamar yadda ya kashe kuma kuma da kVA mai ƙarfi.

Grid-Tied vs. Islanded: Matala biyu a cikin karama daya

A lokacin grid-tied operation, utility ta saba yadda za ta saba voltage da frequency; transformer ya zama mai tsaya ƙarfi kuma ya ba galvanic isolation. Lokacin da point of common coupling ya faru, yadda za su yi amfani ya canza. Transformer ya zama mai amfani da BESS da PV inverters don saba voltage da frequency , kuwa magnetizing inrush, kuma kuwa motor-starting currents wanda main grid ta saba su zuwa.

Grounding shine babu wani abu da aka gane su ne a lokacin da suka faru. Lokacin da microgrid ya faru, neutral grounding reference na utility ya faru. Ba tare da makera na iruwa , ƙaramin kudin da aka fuskanta a cikin gaba daya ba shi da hanyar daga wani baya da yawa; alama na kudin ba za a sani ba, kuma ƙaramin kudin da aka fuskanta zai iya yin kusurci ga tashin kudin. Zaman lafiya na kudin da aka fuskanta zai iya yin kusurci: wani kudin da aka fuskanta da yawa ya kara kudin da aka fuskanta amma ya kara kudin da aka fuskanta, wanda zai iya yin kusurci ga kowane kudin da aka fuskanta da kudin da aka fuskanta. Don haka, kudin da aka fuskanta na mikrogrid ya kamata a rubuta shi a matsayin biyu na kudin da aka fuskanta—kudin da aka fuskanta da kudin da aka fuskanta da kudin da aka fuskanta—ba a matsayin daya ba.

Kullum kudin da aka fuskanta da kudin da aka fuskanta

Kullum kudin da aka fuskanta ya zama kudin da aka fuskanta lokacin da kudin da aka fuskanta ba su da kudin da aka fuskanta. Wa'adu wani kudin da aka fuskanta (PCC) shin shi yana ƙarfi na fuskanci da kuma ƙarfi na gudummawa: mutum ya sao wani hanyar tashin kwayoyi yana sanya kwayoyin kuma a cikin PCC, kuma mutum ya sao wani hanyar tashin kwayoyin mikro yana sanya duk wadanda suka kashe. Amma a matsayin yadda ake amfani da shi, ƙarfi na gudummawa na hanyar tashin kwayoyi, kuma kwayoyin tashin kwayoyi da kuma kwayoyin tashin kwayoyi suna da kariya, kuma ƙarfi na gudummawa na tashin kwayoyi da kuma kwayoyin tashin kwayoyi suna da kariya.

Wani tsari na iya amfani ya bayyana hudu abubuwa ta hanyar wasu: ƙarfi na gudummawa na abubuwa (wane ne ya gudummawa na transformer, switchgear, da kuma relays na gudummawa), ƙarfi na gudummawa na sauyin (wane ne ya gudummawa na sauyin gudummawa da kuma gudummawa a cikin PCC), ƙarfi na gudummawa na tattaunawa (wane ne ya gudummawa na tattaunawa na tashin kwayoyi da kuma tattaunawa na gudummawa), da kuma hudu na bayanai da kuma hudu na gudummawa (abin da microgrid mai kula da shi zai iya umurni da abin da mai amfani ya riƙe). Kayan aiki wanda ke tallafawa bayyanannen keɓaɓɓen jikisashin keɓaɓɓen kayan aiki, keɓaɓɓun wuraren canzawar canjin ƙasa, da kuma kayan kwalliyar canji tare da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin kariyayana rage gogayya da in ba haka ba ya bayyana yayin ƙaddamarwa da gwajin tsibiri.

Inda Zaɓin Kayan aiki Ya Zama Tsarin Haɗin Kai

A sama fasaha da bukatun converge a kan wani karamin sa na kayan aiki yanke shawara. Fiber optic mataki-up masu gyara da kuma ƙananan tashoshin bukatar harmonic haƙuri, baya-ikon thermal gefe, da kuma K-factor sanar zane. Transformers na gina a kan kaya gefen bukatar impedance da kuma ƙasa sanyi jituwa tare da tsibirin gazawar matakan. Kewayen sauka dole ne ya daidaita kariya a tsakanin tsarin tushen biyuamfani da samar da tsibiriba tare da buƙatar sakewa bayan kowane canjin yanayin ba.

Kada a ƙara wannan al'amari a cikin kantinai na ingantacciyar, amma a samun su a matsayin abubuwa da suka daga gaba, yana zama ƙaranci daga bayani zuwa microgrid da za a iya shiga kuma haɗa da sa a matsayin mafi kyawawan. Transformer ba ta kashe wani abu ne a microgrid, amma ya kashe wani abu ne wanda bayanin ta ke taka kafin PV, storage, da loads suna aiki a matsayin system ko a matsayin karamin abubuwa.

Mai amfani daidai

Masu Sabon Gaskiya

Wani kadanin ƙananan yadda za a iya amfani da shi don gudanar da transformer da ma'aikatin inverter na PV?

Al'amari na sana'a ta nuna cewa kadanin ƙananan yadda ya kamata a iya amfani da shi shine 1.10 zuwa 1.25 a cikin ma'aikatin AC na inverter, ta hanyar rarraba ga damar yaki da kuma sararin waje. Wannan yana bayyana kadanin ƙananan yadda na inverter, kadanin ƙananan yadda na harmonics da kadanin ƙananan yadda na reactive power a cikin hanyar islanded.

Yadda harmonics daga inverter na PV da bateri suka yi tasirin ga tafarken na transformer?

Harmonic currents daga kayan da ba su da linear ba su zama da transformer, su yana zama da kadanin ƙananan yadda na frequency-dependent a cikin windings da cores. A cikin hanyar full-load reverse power flow da kadanin ƙananan yadda na harmonic distortion, kadanin ƙananan yadda na transformer lifetime za a iya rarraba ta 8.3%. K-factor ko harmonic-tolerant designs suna da mahimmanci ga al'amari na microgrid.

Wani ne farkon farko tsakanin hanyar grid-tied da hanyar islanded na transformer?

A cikin yadda ake amfani da grid, alama na utility ta saba da voltage da frequency, kuma transformer ya taka amfani da power kuma ya ba isolation. A cikin yadda ake amfani da islanded, transformer ya kamata ya shiga aiki da BESS da PV inverters don saba da voltage da frequency, don gudan yadda magnetizing inrush ya daga, da don zama da motor-starting currents wadanda suka gabata a cikin main grid.

Me ya sa grounding transformer ya zama mafi kyau a cikin microgrid wadanda suka fara aiki da islanded?

Idan microgrid ya fara aiki da islanded, neutral grounding reference na utility ya ƙare. Idan ba a amfani da grounding transformer, kamar yadda ake amfani da single-phase-to-ground fault ba shi da low-impedance return path; protection baya iya ganin fault, kuma overvoltage zai iya yanka insulation a cikin system.

Yaya za a rubuta boundaries na responsibility bayan operator na microgrid da utility?

Wuri na kafa ta aiki (PCC) tana amfani da shi don fuskanci. Alama na aiki ce ta nuna abubuwan da suka hada da shi, alama na amfani da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi, alama na amfani da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi, alama na amfani da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi, kuma alama na bayanai / kuma yadda ake amfani da shi daga controller na microgrid zuwa utility.

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